Soil: Waterlogged within a few inches of the surface during the
growing season
Hydrology: Often covered with as much as 1 foot of water; water
table is at or near the surface
Vegetation: Hardwood and coniferous swamps with tamarack, northern
white cedar, black spruce, balsam fir, balsam poplar, red maple, and black
ash; deciduous sites frequently support beds of duckweed and smartweed
Common sites: Mostly in shallow ancient lake basins, old riverine
oxbows, flat terrains, and along sluggish streams
