Outbreaks can begin suddenly or develop slowly over a period of several years. Populations in northern Minnesota peak every 10 to 16 years. As suggested by the chart below, forest tent caterpillar (FTC) populations could be building towards a 2014 or 2015 peak level of defoliation.
During outbreak peaks, forest tent caterpillars can number from 1 to 4 million per acre. They create a nuisance to people living or vacationing in forested areas from late May to mid-June.
In any given location, defoliation is usually noticed for two to four consecutive years. In the last 120 years, outbreaks peaked in 1891, 1898, 1912, 1922, 1937, 1952, 1969, 1978, 1990, and 2001. In 2001, more than 7.5 million acres of hardwoods were defoliated, the most acres ever recorded in Minnesota.
Forest tent caterpillar peak years 1937–2001
click on maps to enlarge
1937
1952
1969
1978
1990
2001
In the west-central counties, FTC populations may synchronize with northern outbreaks or they may have small, localized outbreaks that pop up and collapse quickly. These outbreaks occur in oak, basswood, and aspen along lakeshores and woodlands and cover a relatively low number of acres.
Populations collapse due to starvation, predation, and parasitism. Populations of the "friendly fly," a native parasite, build up as caterpillar populations peak and can themselves become a nuisance.