Drought in Minnesota

Drought is defined as a period of abnormally dry and/or unusually hot weather sufficiently prolonged for the corresponding deficiency of water to cause a serious hydrologic imbalance.

When a serious hydrologic imbalance occurs, soil moisture reserves, groundwater supplies, lake levels and stream flows are negatively impacted. Water-dependent industries including agriculture, public utilities, forestry and tourism are profoundly affected.

Careful stewardship of Minnesota's water resources is always important. During drought, water resources are particularly stressed and water conservation measures are especially important.

Drought has Eased in Much of Minnesota

Significant rainfall across much of Minnesota in September and October brought improvement in drought conditions in much of the state. As of November 16:

Twenty-five percent of Minnesota is experiencing moderate drought (down 2 percent from last week).
Twenty-four percent of Minnesota is experiencing severe drought (up 1 percent from last week).
Three percent is experiencing extreme drought (down 4 percent from last week).
No areas in Minnesota are experiencing exceptional drought (unchanged from last week).

Weekly drought updates have ended for 2021. Further updates will be posted and distributed as needed.

In August, three watersheds in Minnesota entered the drought restrictive phase. The Mississippi River Headwaters watershed, the Rainy River watershed and the Red River watershed had been experiencing extreme to exceptional drought, necessitating further restrictions on water use to protect drinking water supplies. In September, the Mississippi River Headwaters watershed moved from the restrictive phase back to the warning phase.

Because of significant rain in September and October:

The Mississippi River Headwaters watershed moved from the warning phase to the watch phase
The Rainy River watershed moved from the restrictive phase to the warning phase.
The Red River watershed improved enough to move from the restrictive phase to the watch phase.

The Lake Superior watershed remains in the warning phase.

Several other watersheds previously came out of the Drought Warning Phase but remain in the Drought Watch Phase:

Des Moines
Minnesota
Missouri Big Sioux
Missouri Little Sioux
St. Croix
Upper Mississippi Iowa Skunk Wapsipinicon

Continued water conservation efforts are still needed.

The DNR will be contacting local governments and water suppliers in areas where conditions have improved enough to change the drought intensity classification and related water use restrictions. Water users, including business and residential users, should watch for information from their city or county government before returning to more water use.

Rain in September and October also improved river flows in portions of the state. In some watersheds, the flows have increased to a level that the DNR will be reinstating surface water appropriations that had been suspended earlier. The DNR will contact individual water appropriations permit holders when those suspensions are lifted. Some surface water appropriation permit holders will likely be suspended through the winter as flows in some watersheds have not recovered to a point where permits can be reinstated. The DNR will notify permit holders of this likelihood and will monitor flows near the end of winter and early spring if permit reinstatements are warranted.

The entire state entered the drought warning phase in mid-July. Climactic factors that are used to categorize drought, and the possible impacts observed in each category, are explained in the U.S. Drought Monitor’s Drought Classification.

The criteria for designation of a drought restrictive phase are specified in the Minnesota Statewide Drought Plan, and include the drought severity rating and, for the Mississippi River, flow rates at the Brooklyn Park gauge operated by the US Geological Service.

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Even with recent rainfall, it will take at least three to six inches of precipitation spread over a period of about one month to significantly alleviate the drought. Soils are more efficiently replenished by multiple rainfall events than by any single heavy rainfall event. Surface water and groundwater respond somewhat differently over time. It is also important to note that annual precipitation averages vary widely across Minnesota, from less than 19 inches in northwestern Minnesota to 32 inches in the southeastern corner of the state.

Droughts frequently persist from one year to the next, depending in part on precipitation in winter and, to a greater extent, spring. A deep late-winter snow pack, frozen soil which prohibits infiltration, rapid snow melt and heavy early spring precipitation can rapidly shift concerns from drought to potential flooding. Winter and early spring precipitation and temperatures will help determine whether or to what degree the 2021 drought will continue into the 2022 growing season.

Drought conditions elevated fire danger in roughly the northern two-thirds of the state, triggering varying degrees of burning restrictions across all of Minnesota.

See the latest Drought Conditions Report.

What Happens in Drought Restrictive Phase

For watersheds in the drought restrictive phase, the DNR and others have taken additional steps, including:

Notifying water appropriators with DNR permits that they should minimize non-essential water uses and follow water conservation measures, such as reducing landscape irrigation, using more efficient irrigation equipment, and checking for and repairing water leaks. Water appropriation permit holders can contact the local DNR area hydrologist for technical assistance or with any questions.

Notifying public water suppliers within these watersheds to implement water use reduction actions with a goal of reducing water use to 25% above January levels. Residents, businesses and landowners should watch for communications from their municipal or public water supplier for details on local water use reduction actions and restrictions. Restrictions on non-essential water uses (such as outdoor irrigation, car washes, etc.) may be enacted as public water suppliers take steps to achieve water reduction goals.

Increasing public awareness of drought conditions.

State Drought Task Force

The Minnesota State Drought Task Force was convened by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) on July 21, 2021. The primary purposes of the Task Force are information sharing, coordination and planning. The first Drought Task Force meeting included updates on current drought status, brief summaries from members about their respective organizations’ drought-related responses, and planning for future Task Force meetings. The Task Force subsequently met in August and October to share information about drought status and ongoing drought responses. No further meetings of the State Drought Task Force are scheduled at this time. They may resume as needed in 2022.

Per the Minnesota Statewide Drought Plan, the Minnesota DNR determines state drought phases and responses based on specific climatological and water data. Task Force members may share information and perspectives regarding these factors, but making phase determinations is not a role of the Task Force.

Meeting Summaries and Agendas

Permit Suspensions During Low Flow

Related to drought conditions, but not part of the State Drought Plan, is the requirement to protect instream uses and downstream public water supplies during periods of low flow.

The majority of watersheds in the state have a long-term water gauge that allows the DNR to monitor flow rates. The data collected from these gauges is utilized to quantify base flows as well as peak and low flow conditions. DNR staff continually monitor the flows in these major watersheds to determine when the low flow threshold has been reached. The threshold is based on statistical analysis that calculates what is called the Q90 flow. The Q90 value indicates that 90% of the time in recent decades, stream flow has been greater than that value. In other words, the stream flow has only been that level or below 10% of the time. Q90 is considered protected low flow level in Minnesota and is used for suspending surface water appropriations.

The drought conditions have resulted in several watersheds falling below the low flow threshold that triggers suspension of surface water appropriations. Some surface water appropriation permit holders will likely be suspended through the winter as flows in some watersheds have not recovered to a point where permits can be reinstated. The DNR will notify permit holders of this likelihood and will monitor flows near the end of winter and early spring if permit reinstatements are warranted.

The DNR’s surface water suspension guidelines identify the many factors that need to be considered for both permit suspension and permit reinstatement. The variability of these natural systems requires a holistic approach that can incorporate a broad array of inputs as part of decision-making. At a minimum, river flows need to above the minimum flow (Q90) for three consecutive days, but not just slightly above the minimum. The flow must be high enough so all surface appropriations do not reduce the flow back below the minimum flow. Precipitation forecasts are also considered when determining whether permits should be re-instated. These careful evaluations help to avoid re-suspending permits shortly after having them reinstated. That pattern would not be good for the aquatic ecosystem and could create frustration or confusion for permit holders.

Suspended Water Appropriations:

Watershed Name/Number	Date of Suspension	Number of Permits	Water Appropriation Types	Date of Reinstatement*
Watonwan River–31	08-25-2021	15	ag. crop irrigation, golf course irrigation, landscape/athletic field irrigation, basin level maintenance, construction non-dewatering	11-03-2021
Mississippi River-Lake Pepin–38	08-25-2021	9	ag. crop irrigation, nursery irrigation
Lower St. Croix River–37	08-24-2021	11	ag. crop irrigation, sod farm irrigation, dust control, golf course irrigation, landscape/athletic field irrigation	10-07-2021
Snake River-36	08-24-2021	5	ag. crop irrigation, sod farm irrigation, dust control, golf course irrigation, landscape/athletic field irrigation	10-07-2021
Mississippi River-St. Cloud–17	08-17-2021	25	Ag. crop irrigation, sod farm irrigation, landscape/athletic field irrigation, dust control, construction non-dewatering
Lake Superior-North–1	08-17-2021	2	Golf course irrigation, sand and gravel washing	10-14-2021
Red Lake River–63	08-04-2021	15	ag./food processing, ag. crop irrigation, nursery irrigation	11-04-2021
Clearwater River–66	08-04-2021	7**	wild rice irrigation, ag. crop irrigation, dust control, golf course irrigation, pipeline and tank testing
Two River–70	08-04-2021	3	ag. crop irrigation, golf course irrigation
Thief River–65	08-02-2021	2	golf course irrigation, basin level maintenance	11-03-2021
Wild Rice River–60	08-02-2021	6	ag. crop irrigation, golf course irrigation, construction non-dewatering	09-10-2021
Roseau River–71	08-02-2021	1	basin level maintenance	11-03-2021
Mississippi River-Sartell–15	08-01-2021	14	golf course irrigation, ag. crop irrigation, construction non-dewatering	09-09-2021
Sauk River–16	08-01-2021	32	golf course irrigation, ag. crop irrigation, construction non-dewatering, dust control	09-09-2021
Little Fork River–76	07-28-2021	3	sand and gravel washing, dust control, construction dewatering	11-10-2021
Rainy River-Headwaters–72	07-28-2021	1	construction non-dewatering, dust control
Big Fork River–77	07-28-2021	2	golf course irrigation, basin level maintenance	11-10-2021
Mississippi River-Grand Rapids–9	07-27-2021	18	ag. crop irrigation, wild rice irrigation, golf course irrigation, other power generation, dust control, mine processing, construction non-dewatering, sand and gravel washing	11-10-2021
Sandhill River–61	07-24-2021	8	ag. crop irrigation, golf course irrigation	11-04-2021
Mississippi River-Brainerd–10	07-13-2021	18	wild rice irrigation, ag. crop irrigation, sod farm irrigation, basin level maintenance, sand and gravel washing, other non-crop irrigation, cemetery irrigation	11-18-2021
Pine River–11	07-13-2021	3	ag. crop irrigation, wild rice irrigation	11-18-2021
Rapid River–78	07-13-2021	1	wild rice irrigation	11-03-2021
Rainy River-Baudette–79	07-13-2021	2	construction non-dewatering, snow/ice making	11-03-2021
St. Louis River–3	07-11-2021	6	golf course irrigation	11-30-2021
Bois de Sioux River–54	07-06-2021	3	ag. crop irrigation	09-08-2021
Mustinka River–55	07-06-2021	5	ag. crop irrigation, other water level maintenance, golf course irrigation	09-08-2021
Crow Wing River–12	06-28-2021	7	ag. crop irrigation, landscape/athletic field irrigation, golf course irrigation	11-04-2021
Redeye River–13	06-28-2021	10	ag. crop irrigation	11-04-2021

^{*Surface water appropriation permits are reinstated when flows in the watershed increase above the minimum flow threshold (Q90) including the cumulative instantaneous total of all suspended appropriations. **Seven surface water appropriation permits were reinstated on September 20 based on the Clearwater River Wild Rice Allocation plan administered by the Red Lake Watershed District that authorizes appropriation during specific flow regimes in the watershed. Seven other surface water appropriation permits continue to be suspended until flows increase above the Q90, including the permitted pump rates within the Clearwater River watershed.}

Low Lake Levels and River Flows

The lack of precipitation has reduced water levels in many lakes and rivers. Water level fluctuations are natural. Occasional low water levels can be beneficial to ecosystems, but they can affect people, recreation and businesses that are dependent on water.

Lake and river levels are dependent on the amount of precipitation an area receives, how much of that moisture is contributed by runoff, how much water is recharged or discharged through groundwater, and how much water evaporates.

Very few lakes and rivers are regulated by water control structures. For those situations where control structures are present, they are operated according to the authorized project purposes and associated operating plans for those structures.

Manipulation of lake levels, such as adding or removing stop logs at lake outlets, requires DNR authorization under a public water works permit. Any unauthorized lake level manipulation is illegal.

Water appropriation permits that withdraw water directly from lakes are subject to suspension when lake levels go below specified protective elevations.

What Can I Do?

Take active measures to reduce indoor and outdoor water use. Ideas include avoiding lawn watering, addressing any plumbing leaks, and running only full loads in your washing machine and dishwasher.
Longer range options include investing in water efficient appliances and installing drought tolerant landscaping.
Residents and landowners should watch for communications from their municipal or public water supplier for details on local water use reduction actions and restrictions.
For additional ideas to conserve water please see DNR’s water conservation webpage.

Climate

Drought in Minnesota

Drought has Eased in Much of Minnesota

What Happens in Drought Restrictive Phase

Meeting Summaries and Agendas

Suspended Water Appropriations:

Drought Impacts

Drought Monitoring

Drought Planning